Respiratory System - 1551 Words

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system consists of all the organs involved in breathing. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory system does two very important things: it brings oxygen into our bodies, which we need for our cells to live and function properly; and it helps us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi all work like a system of pipes through which the air is funnelled down into our lungs. There, in very small air sacs called alveoli, oxygen is brought into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is pushed from the blood out into the air. When something goes wrong with part of the respiratory†¦show more content†¦The Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles When you breathe in (inspiration), your muscles need to work to fill your lungs with air. The diaphragm, a large, sheet-like muscle which stretches across your chest under the ribcage, does much of this work . At rest, it is shaped like a dome curving up into your chest. When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and flattens out, expanding the space in your chest and drawing air into your lungs. Other muscles, including the muscles between your ribs (the intercostal muscles) also help by moving your ribcage in and out. Breathing out (expiration) does not normally require your muscles to work. This is because your lungs are very elastic, and when your muscles relax at the end of inspiration your lungs simply recoil back into their resting position, pushing the air out as they go. PHYSIOLOGY The diseases and disorders of the respiratory system can affect any part of the respiratory tract and range from trivial to life-threatening. The nasal passages and pharynx, for example, are targets for the viruses that cause colds. These viruses infiltrate and destroy the cells of the nasal passage membranes. The immune system fights back by increasing blood flow to the area, bringing numerous virus-attacking white blood cells to the scene; this causes the membranes to swell, resulting in the stuffy nose associated with colds. Mucous secretions increase inShow MoreRelatedRespiratory Systems And The Respiratory System855 Words   |  4 Pagesmouth and nose? Now, I know it is because of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is built up of the organs in our body that serve us to breathe. It offers the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the physical structure. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This e xchange of gases is the respiratory system s means of bringing oxygen to the blood (WebMD. Web). The respiratory system is included nasal cavity, mouth, trachea, bronchiRead MoreRespiratory System2621 Words   |  11 PagesAamp;P II Instructor: David Armoogam September 10, 2010 The respiratory system helps with breathing, inhaling and exhaling. The respiratory systems main function is to give oxygen to the body’s cells and get rid of the carbon dioxide the cells produce. Breathing would be impossible without the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs. In this essay I plan on explaining how the respiratory system functions as well as its parts. The exchange of two gases calledRead MoreThe Respiratory System Of The Upper Respiratory Tract Essay1797 Words   |  8 Pages The respiratory system is divided into two main parts, the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal cavity which is a hollow space behind the nose, it is lined with mucous membrane and small hairs, which traps smaller particles entering with the air, the nasal cavities main purpose is to heat, humidify and filter the air before it passes into the lungs (Whittemore and Cooley, 2009 ). The sinuses are hollow areas in the bones of the skull andRead MoreFunctions Of The Respiratory System860 Words   |  4 PagesFunctions of the Respiratory System Introduction The main purpose of the respiratory system is to exchange oxygen and carbon monoxide between the body and the environment. Throughout the body are specific organs and structures that make the respiratory system possible. In humans, respiration takes place in the lungs. In the article by Kim Ann Zimmermann, Respiratory System: Facts, Function, and Diseases she explains how the series of organs in a person s body work together to exchange theRead MoreThe Function Of Respiratory System845 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Melinda (2014), the function of respiratory system is to supply oxygen into the body, by breathing in, and to remove carbon dioxide which is the waste, from the body, by breathing out. Franklin (2014), outlines that oxygen is most needed in the body, in order to live. This is because every cell in the body needs oxygen, in order to function properly. Also, oxygen is required in the blood in order to covert food into energy. Beside, Melinda (2014), clarifies that t hese movements areRead MoreEssay on The Respiratory System1072 Words   |  5 Pageshow our body inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide. This is possible because of the respiratory system. This system in the body is what allows us to breathe and continue our lives. An average human breathes fifty million times in their lifetime! The structure affects the function of this intricate and wonderful system that keep us alive. It all starts from the nose. The basic parts of the respiratory system are the lungs, nose, trachea, diaphragm and alveoli. When we inhale, the diaphragm, whichRead More The Respiratory System Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesThe respiratory system is a complex organ structure of the human body anatomy, and the primary purpose of this system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood vessels to carry the precious gaseous element to all parts of the body to accomplish cell respiration. The respiratory system completes this important function of breathing throughout inspiration. In the breathing process inhaling oxygen is essential for cells to metabolize nutrients and carry out some other tasks, but it mustRead MoreThe Respiratory System Essay584 Words   |  3 PagesThe respiratory system is the process responsible for the transportation and exchange of gases into and out of the human body. As we breath in, oxygen in the air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs through a series of air pipes known as the airway and into the lungs. As air is drawn into the lungs and waste gas excreted, it passes through the airway, first through the mouth or nose and through the pharynx, larynx and windpipe – also known as the trachea. At this point it then enters the lungsRead MoreRespiratory System Essay462 Words   |  2 PagesRespiratory System The respiratory system consists of a series of tubes that air passes on its journey from the nostrils. The nostrils open into the nasal cavities, which are lined with moist eiliateol epithelium. Whether one breathes through the nose or the mouth, a breath of air enters the body and flows through the nasal cavity to the pharynx (throat). The back of the nasal cavities is continuous with the throat region, or pharying. Air flows through the larynx (voice box) and into theRead MoreThe Function Of The Respiratory System1044 Words   |  5 Pagesof oxygen and just got inhaled into the body of a young boy I am the author of this paper and I’m going to show the functions of the Respiratory System, and how oxygen becomes energy. I have found a lot of information on the internet, and Body Structures and Functions in the 11th Edition. My goal is to explain the functions of the Respiratory System in narrative format, so as to give the readers imagination and enjoyment from what I think is a molecule’s perspective. To achieve this

Nursing Opportunities in NYU Downtown Hospital Free Essays

Nurses are indispensable members of the work force unit division in health care system whose main role is to provide for doctor’s assistance and cater to the health status and palliative care of the patients. Technically though, the nurses have higher specialized forms or masteral degrees which elevates them to a higher position in hospital departments (e.g. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Opportunities in NYU Downtown Hospital or any similar topic only for you Order Now perioperative nurse). The NYU Downtown Hospital is the only hospital in Manhattan that caters to the healthcare of the Lower Manhattan Community specifically that of the Chinese community. The hospital employs wide and diverse medical professionals to provide for quality healthcare of the community and amongst the members of the workforce are the nurses. In NYU Downtown, the hospital’s selection of nurses for a specific job requires a basic New York Registered Nurse qualification and related experiences. The nursing opportunities for the hospital vary from jobs descriptive of leadership, staffs and per diem positions. Vacancies in leadership positions are on the following types: Nurse Manager for the peri-operative division, clinical nurse specialist in the Maternal Child Health Division, Nursing Administrative Supervisors for morning and evening shifts, and Registered Nurse Case Manager. For the staff positions, there are vacancies in the following departments and the corresponding time table: Emergency Room, Operating Room and Labor and Delivery for 12 hr duty day or night and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) positions for 7.5 hr per day. Per diems are available for all units in the hospital on all shifts. The workplace is suitable for nurse employment because aside from sufficient wages and benefits, the hospital meets the standards of the healthcare system in terms of management and services rendered. The salary of registered nurses in the district is $53, 065 as of 2002 with an annual increase rate of 1% per year. Benefits include health,   dental , liability insurance, disability and   compensation programs, refunds and   annuity plans. Subsidies for houses, parkings and discounts are also available for employees. NYU Downtown Hospital’s vacancies for nursing positions mirror one of the stigmas of the New York medical profession nowadays — nursing shortage. As previously mentioned the singularity of the hospital in the area implies a huge demand for medical practitioners including the nurses. Unfortunately, in the entire New York, the supply of nurses does not meet the high rate of nurse demand. Although there are more than 234,000 Registered Nurses and 68,900 LPNs in 2001, the prediction for nurse sustainability is bad since there was an overall drop for the 1999 to 2001. Slow growth rate for Registered Nurses may indicate problems for the quality healthcare and     according to he National Sample Survey of registered Nurses, the state ranked second to the last in terms of RN percentage employment. The nursing shortage in New York are caused by several factors: aging workforce, increased job opportunities for women, low wages and benefits and other related factors which caused a decreased in the supply. Manhattan’s Downtown Hospital is aggravated, because as the lone hospital they must cater to both the resident and the non-resident community. (Non-residents are approximated at almost 400,000 per day.) The general trend for nursing shortage creates opportunities for work in the nursing arena in the New York Downtown Hospital. Although, the workplace and the salaries are sufficient enough for nursing occupation, NYU Downtown’s nursing problems may be fueled by a larger economic workforce crisis in the nursing arena. References Beu, B. â€Å"The nursing shortage and the nurse reinvestment act.† AORN Journ., 79(2004):1061-1063. Downtown Hospital. (2008). New York Downtown Hospital. Retrieved February 14, 2008, from New York Downtown Hospital database. Mitchell, G. J â€Å"Nursing shortage or nursing famine: Looking beyond numbers?† Nursing Science Quarterly, 16(2003), 219-24. The Registered Nurse Population. National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses- March 2000. Preliminary Findings, February 2001. Bureau of Health Professions, Division of Nursing.    How to cite Nursing Opportunities in NYU Downtown Hospital, Essay examples

Argumentative Essay on Teen Pregnancy free essay sample

Some people say that this is society’s fault. Although having sex and getting pregnant is due to personal choices and decisions, there are a few things society could do to prevent it. Excessive teenage pregnancy could be controlled with appropriate media, more readily available birth control, and people to set good examples for young women. Just flipping through the channels on a Saturday afternoon you can see all sorts of inappropriate media full of sexual suggestions. Even aside from all the sex scenes in movies, there are shows about teen pregnancy. Shows like Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant make pregnancy seem acceptable and cool. If having sex at young ages didn’t seem like the cool thing to do, many teens wouldn’t do it. Taking inappropriate shows and movies off the air could make a difference in the teenage pregnancy rate. There are many forms of birth control. In a lot of arguments about teen pregnancy there is talk about making condoms more readily available, but I think that other forms of birth control that are more consistently effective should be promoted instead. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay on Teen Pregnancy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Condoms are important to use, but many times they can break or be ineffective. Plus let’s face it, in the heat of the moment lack of a condom doesn’t always keep sex from happening. Birth control pills are a cheaply made, more effective form of birth control. If forms of birth control such as the pill were cheaper and easier to get, more teens would be protected and less would get pregnant. The world in general is in need of good role models. Anyone that tweens and teens look up to should really try to focus on setting a good example. In a world full of bad examples, its especially important to set good ones for the group of people in that developmental stage. Teenagers need role models to protect them from falling victim to the pressures of today’s society, especially the sexual ones. In conclusion, I believe that teenage pregnancy is a very important issue. The sexual society of today’s America has resulted in a large increase in teen pregnancy. Programs that promote teen pregnancy and things that lead to teen pregnancy should be taken off every day television. Although it is going to be impossible to keep teens from having sex, making birth control extremely easy to use and get ahold of could have a huge effect on the teenage pregnancy rate. These two things along with good parental guidance and support, and good role models to look up to, would keep most teens from getting pregnant.

The Article Was Written By Dawn Stover, In January 2001. The Tile Essa

The article was written by Dawn Stover, In January 2001. The tile of this article is called Ancient Asteroid. I found this article at http://popsci.com/scitech/news/010219.s.html. This article is about How Astronomers had thought that the asteroid 433 Eros might have been a flying pile of rubble, but now after looking over the images and the millions of measurements taken by the earth Astroid near the shoemaker spacecraft the scientist say that Eros is a "consolidated" asteroid, witch is a solid object. However Eros never separated to the distinct crust, mantle, nor core. Cause of the low level on the aluminum detected on Eros, The scientist at John Hopkins University Appiled Physics Laboratory said that the Astroid did not experience anything like the melting process of the earth's shape. An Eros are about the size of Manhattan and the shape is like a peanut. If it was as large as the earth It most likely not keep it's shape. Since the Eros have less gravity than earth, A person would weigh about 150 pounds here and would way about one or two bags of airline peanuts. I think that this is something new that can turn into something big. For along time Astronomers thought that the asteroid was flying a pile of rubble. Well I guess they were wrong cause They found new evidence to prove its not right. I think they are most likely going to find more about this. They just have to gather more information.

Facts and Figureso on Majungasaurus

Facts and Figureso on Majungasaurus Name: Majungasaurus (Greek for Majunga lizard); pronounced ma-JUNG-ah-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of northern Africa Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and one ton Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Short, blunt snout; spike on forehead; unusually small arms; bipedal posture About Majungasaurus The dinosaur formerly known as Majungatholus (Majunga dome) until its current name took precedence for paleontological reasons, Majungasaurus was a one-ton meat-eater native to the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar. Technically classified as an abelisaurand thus closely related to the South American AbelisaurusMajungasaurus was distinguished from other dinosaurs of its kind by its unusually blunt snout and the single, tiny horn on top of its skull, a rare feature for a theropod. Like another famous abelisaur, Carnotaurus, Majungasaurus also possessed unusually short arms, which presumably wasnt a major hindrance in the pursuit of prey (and may, in fact, have made it slightly more aerodynamic when running!) Although it certainly wasnt the habitual cannibal portrayed on breathless TV documentaries (most famously the late and unlamented Jurassic Fight Club), there’s good evidence that at least some Majungasaurus adults occasionally preyed on others of their kind: paleontologists have discovered Majungasaurus bones bearing Majungasaurus tooth marks. Whats unknown is whether the adults of this genus actively hunted down their living relative when they were hungry, or simply feasted on the carcasses of already-dead family members (and if the latter is the case, this behavior wouldnt have been unique to Majungasaurus, dinosaur-wise, or for that matter to any living creatures except modern human beings). Like many other large theropods of the late Cretaceous period, Majungasaurus has proven difficult to classify. When it was first discovered, researchers mistook it for a pachycephalosaur, or bone-headed dinosaur, thanks to that odd protrusion on its skull (the tholus, meaning dome, in its original name Majungatholus is a root usually found in pachycephalosaur names, like Acrotholus and Sphaerotholus). Today, the closest contemporary relatives of Majungasaurus are a subject of dispute; some paleontologists point to obscure meat-eaters like Ilokelesia and Ekrixinatosaurus, while others throw up their (presumably not so tiny) arms in frustration.

Big Brother Is Watching Essay Research Paper

Large Brother Is Watching Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Big Brother is Watching # 8221 ; Privacy in the Information Age. Vladimira Love May 13, 2001 Have you sat down to eat dinner, merely as you put that first seize with teeth into your oral cavity the phone rings. You know better than to reply it, but you do any manner. To your discouragement you find out that you were right Tele-marketers? As you hang up you inquire how did they acquire my figure? How do they cognize what are your involvements, likes, disfavors? You manus the teller a fictile card with a magnetic strip which contains your name and reference. All of your purchases are recorded and a few yearss subsequently you receive price reduction vouchers for a new merchandise you might wish in the mail. You think that targeted selling in the information age truly works! A adult female feels she may be anticipating, she goes to the pharmaceutics to buy a place gestation trial. Without thought, she hands her # 8220 ; bonus card # 8221 ; to the teller and a few yearss subsequently she receives mail from baby merchandise industries. She is believing that she is populating in an information age incubus. Information engineering, and peculiarly the cyberspace and the World Wide Web, can supply benefits that were merely dreamed of a decennary ago. These new chances, nevertheless, raise inquiries about possible menaces to personal privateness that are merely now get downing to be understood. Consumers, for illustration, like # 8220 ; one on one selling # 8221 ; at Miscellaneous Web sites which allows them to shop assorted choices recommended based on old purchases and their personal profile. They are much less certain about the site # 8217 ; s developing existent clip profiles of users based on demographics or psychographics. Similarly, workaholics are attracted to internet dating services that promise to happen high winners their ideal mate ; They lief spend 30 proceedingss finishing the extended introductory questionnaire. They are less thrilled when they subsequently find that # 8220 ; E-Mate # 8221 ; has been acquired by another company specifically for its extended informations base of personal information. Our concern is the privateness of personal information in a digitally networked universe where personal informations can be input, stored, sorted, analyzed, mined, transmitted and exchanged globally with increasing easiness and diminishing cost. There is turning concern about informations privateness, particularly on the Net which is accompanied by pronounced dissensions about what can, and should be done. These differences are exacerbated by really existent cross-cultural and cross-national differences in values, history and economic doctrines. Where national boundary lines are non even rush bumps on the information expressway. We argue that while the protection of personal informations in a networked universe requires multinational solutions, blunt differences exist in basic privateness values among states and civilizations. These differences, which flow from basic cultural traits such as individuality and changing political-economic doctrines, are really existent and can non be # 8220 ; papered over. # 8221 ; This circle must be squared: planetary solutions must cover with local differences. The information privateness issue serves as a metaphor for more general jobs of administration of the universe economic system given the world of basic, implicit in cross-border societal, cultural and political differences. Data privateness is a concern on the Net. A recent E-Trust study found that over 80 % of consumers are more concerned about privateness on the Net than with the telephone or mail. A widely cited Business Week/Harris canvass reported that 61 % of respondents who use the Net citation privateness as their primary concern. An OECD workshop concluded that unless consumers gained more assurance that their privateness would be protected, the growing of Electronic Commerce ( E-Commerce ) would be hindered. Consumers should be concerned. While the state of affairs may hold improved slightly in the meantime, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission reported that while over 85 % of Web sites collected personal information, merely 14 % provide any notice about their privateness patterns and merely 2 % provide a comprehensive privateness policy. Concern about privateness was about long before the Net and Web. The New York Police Department was tapping phones within a decennary or two of Bell # 8217 ; s first call. Party lines and operators were ill-famed for listen ining. More late the widespread usage of recognition cards and the development of recognition agencies have raised serious concerns about control over personal information. It is sensible to inquire is anything truly new? I believe the reply is # 8220 ; yes, # 8221 ; that the detonation of interrelated digital webs makes a important difference in the econo mics and feasibleness of utilizing â€Å"private† information. More of what we do is ( or can be ) input in to a computing machine system than of all time before: debit card purchases and ATM backdowns ; phone calls ; the location of your cell phone ; supermarket purchases ; where your Web browser is indicating ; where you are when you fill your auto with gas ; the toll booth you merely passed through ; and the extended information you provided when using for insurance, a new auto or a mortgage on the Web. As of import, the cost of geting, hive awaying, screening, analysing, excavation, conveying and interchanging information is falling dramatically. Most of import is the inter-operability or interconnectivity. We live in a universe of decentralized but interconnected computing machine webs. Once entered digitally, personal information potentially is available to anyone connected to the net, irrespective of where it resides. The differentiation between authorities or public and private informations is going meaningless in a universe of distributed webs. Newer informations excavation techniques allow a huge sum of information about any of us to be collected and analyzed by a broad assortment of terminal users. It is just to surmise that the Net is inherently invasive ; that the assemblage of personal information, profiling and targeted selling, which bring benefits every bit good as costs, are portion and package of E-Commerce. Internet does non map on geographic infinite. National and cultural boundary lines are irrelevant ; more of import, so is the really construct of geographic legal power. The EU recognizes that in prohibitions of informations transportations to 3rd universe states that do non run into the Directive # 8217 ; s criterions. Even go forthing aside the catastrophe that an EU-U.S. confrontation over this issue would imply, it is clear that the EU merely can non construct a wall around its boundary lines to implement its informations protection Torahs. What about American or Asiatic visitants who want to utilize thei r recognition cards in a Gallic caf? ; would every cheque with an external recognition informations base be a misdemeanor of the jurisprudence. Much more problematically, would every Web site, irrespective of where in the universe it is # 8220 ; located # 8221 ; that is accessed from Europe be capable to European jurisprudence? At least one authorization believes that to be the instance. Does that intend every Web site is capable to the Everyone # 8217 ; s jurisprudence? To no 1 # 8217 ; s jurisprudence? That every clip a European logs on to any American web site that does non run into the criterions of the EU Directive that the proprietor of that Web site is in misdemeanor? The protection of the privateness of personal information on the Web is non conformable to national or even regional solutions. The Web is a complex interconnected planetary web. At a lower limit, some grade of harmonisation of national attempts in the consequence of the jurisprudence is required. The quandary we face is the demand for planetary solutions in the face of a really existent, and really deep-rooted local differences in a political civilization, values and history. Any meaningful solution to the job of protection of personal privateness must square this circle. Absolutist places on both sides are counterproductive: Americans can non go on to reason that anything but a market based solution will drive us back into the technological dark ages and Europeans must travel beyond imitations of the American privateness environment as the # 8220 ; wild west. # 8221 ; Any effectual solution requires understanding other universe positions and more of import, credence of their cogency. We believe that and acceptable international informations privateness government will hold to concentrate on results instead than the engineering. On facts on the land instead than political orientation. On whether, at the terminal of the twenty-four hours, the net consequence is an acceptable degree of protection of privateness to the person instead than the specific agencies of achieving that aim. While this is non the topographic point for particular, elaborate recommendations, we believe that this will imply some combination of self-regulation and ordinance, possibly reinforced by privateness enabling engineerings. The privateness job is a metaphor for a more general set of jobs of administration in the age of a digital planetary economic system. Any figure of issues, including the demand for a new # 8220 ; fiscal architecture, # 8221 ; accomplishing a much needed many-sided understanding on investing, protecting the environment, human rights and worker rights require multinational solutions in the face of stark, and at times, diametrically opposed, local differences in values, belief systems and history. Again, this circle must be squared: # 8220 ; planetary # 8221 ; solutions must be found that accommodate and esteem local differences. Possibly even in this planetary age, Tip O # 8217 ; Neal, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, advice still holds: # 8220 ; all political relations is local. # 8221 ; 335

Entrepreneurship in Dilemma Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Entrepreneurship in Dilemma - Dissertation Example However, not all countries are willing to adopt the principles of freedom, trade, and business development. Nigeria does not have a rich history of business development and entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, the Nigerian President sets a challenging task to make Nigeria one of the world’s leading economies by 2020. Needless to say, entrepreneurship will play one of the key roles in the economic and social development in the country. This is one of the reasons why the factors of accountability and governance in the small business sector in Nigeria require detailed analysis. Aims and objectives The key question for the proposed study is What Implications Do Accountability and Governance Have for the Future Nationwide Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria? The key research objectives include: To define and explore the concepts of accountability and governance; To understand and explain the implications of governance and accountability for entrepreneurship; To discuss and evaluate the current state of entrepreneurship in Nigeria; To find out and estimate the prospects of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria until 2020; To explain how accountability and governance can serve the needs of the future entrepreneurship development in Nigeria; To provide recommendations for the future research. Literature Review The current state of literature provides abundant information about accountability and governance in entrepreneurship but leaves little room to the discussion of entrepreneurship in Nigeria (Switzer, LN & Tang, M 2009). Globalization and the following integration of national markets generate great chances for the fast development of business and entrepreneurship in all parts of the world. Nevertheless, not all states are ready to change their principles of freedom, trade, and business development (Switzer, LN & Tang, M 2009). Many of them, especially developing countries meet a lot of difficulties on this way. However, it is possible to create a general p icture of entrepreneurship in the African continent and estimate its prospects for the future. It should be noted, that governance and accountability are among the most popular, essential and widely discussed topics of scholarly analysis. The reasons for this are numerous and varied. First and foremost, governance provides a multitude of effects on strategic decisions in entrepreneurship (LeBreton-Miller & Miller 2008). According to LeBreton-Miller and Miller (2008), small and medium enterprises that operate in the context of personal ownership are entirely distinct from those that are owned by diffuse stakeholders. Governance also affects manager-owner agency costs and bears heavy consequences on the quality of strategic outcomes (LeBreton-Miller & Miller 2008). Second, governance is essentially about power, and when globalization adds pressures on entrepreneurs, governance becomes an object of business and professional scrutiny (Verhezen & Morse 2009). As of today, governance ofte n serves the source of competitive advantage for firms, and pressures for improved governance challenge the established status quo in entrepreneurship (Verhezen & Morse 2009). Ultimately, governance has much to do with the value of firms: Switzer and Tang (2009) suggest that endogenous governance mechanisms constantly interact. Eventually, governance and accountability have far-reaching implications for policymaking in business and entrepreneurship (Bhasin 2010). Much has been written and said about

Unit 5 IP Introduction to american court system Essay

Unit 5 IP Introduction to american court system - Essay Example Government, n.d.) and on common and â€Å"statutory law† (Ponzetto & Fernandez, 2008). Normally a criminal code will comprise offences which are acknowledged in the jurisdiction, penalties which might be imposed for these particular kinds of offences and some general provisions. I, recommend that, the case concerning Jones February 6, 2005 in the Sedgwick County, Kansas needs to be filed in the district court under state law on the premise that his assistance facilitated adequate evidence on Smith and Thompson to obtain convictions. Based on two prior convictions of Jones for possession of cocaine, it would be appropriate to file his case in federal court, where the highest sentences are available. On the other hand, because of his cooperation, it may be better to file the case in the Sedgwick County, Kansas, and district court under state law. Jones has been found to have possessed more than 50 grams of drug as the Probation Department contends and his level of offense would have been 32, which, with category of III of the criminal history, would result in a sentencing range of 151 to 188 months. â€Å"After a jury trial at which Jones was found guilty of unlawfully possessing more than five g rams of a substance containing cocaine base (commonly known as â€Å"crack†  844(a).  cocaine) in violation of 21 U.S.C.  §Ã¢â‚¬  (United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, 2012). The case against Smith can be file under the federal law. In this case, Smith has sold cocaine to undercover agents on two occasions: July 12 and August 3, 2005. However, no previous offences have been recorded against his, though he seems to have engaged in selling drugs to his friends and acquaintances for a while. Drug selling is the one of the gravest crimes that affect the society in the present day. Anybody engaging in such nefarious activities needs to be awarded the maximum punishment for the crime. maximum punishment. Cocaine comes

“Faerie Queen Book II” & “In Cold Blood’s” Perception of Morality Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Faerie Queen Book II† â€Å"In Cold Blood’s† Perception of Morality Essay Morality has come to be a term to serve a relative purpose. Relative in the sense that the appreciation of the term morality has more often than not depended on the circumstances and what people may view or perceive to be moral. The two literary works subject of this paper are: Faerie Queen Book II by Edmund Spenser and In Cold Blood by Truman Capote. It is worth noting that these two literary works are of different nature and subject. Still like all literary works and like all things that include human actions and involve human events. The object of morality though not emphatically stressed is being presented. The object of morality although not the main subject in any literary work can be examined. Through the series of acts that transpire throughout the story and the manner in which the author has decided to present them. The two literary works subject of this paper are independent of each other. One is contemporary while the other is a story from older times. A lot of differences can be gleaned upon careful examination of these two literary works. The most important difference however that this paper will seek to address is their difference in their presentation of morality and the kind of morality presented. In The â€Å"Faerie Queen Book II† the object and presentation of morality deals more with morality in the form of a quest. It presents morality involved in one’s quest he takes in life. Particularly on how one can rise above the occasion or on how one is able to succeed. The object of morality in the â€Å"Faerie Queen Book II† is more evident in the decision making of its protagonists. The literary work â€Å"In Cold Blood† has a different object and method of presentation of morality. In this literary work the main object of morality is the sanctity and value of life and the consequences of taking life away from someone. To be more specific it deals with morality in a setting where a crime of murder has been committed. This paper will proceed to compare the object and presentation of morality for both literary works. Through such comparison this paper will be able to discuss the representation of morality in both literary works. Representation of Morality will always be an integral part of any literary work (Thesis Statement). Faerie Queen Book II This literary masterpiece focuses on Book II of a series of VI books written by Edmund Spenser. Book II deals mostly on the quests and adventures of one of the main protagonists Guyon and the side stories of different characters like Arthur. This paper will not proceed to summarize the said book. Instead the parts where morality has been represented will be highlighted. This is in keeping with the very purpose of this paper. There are several verses in which the presentation of morality can be gleaned:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"But if that careless hevens,† (quoth she) â€Å"despise   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The doome of just revenge, and take delight   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To see sad pageaunts of mens miseries,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As bownd by them to live in lives despight;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet can they not warne death from wretched right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Come, then; come soone; come sweetest death, to me,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And take away this long lent loathed light:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sharpe be thy wounds, but sweete the medicines be,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That long captivated soules from weary thraldome free.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Page 267, The Faerie Queene Book II, Edmund Spenser) The verse as cited above depicts the kind of representation of morality the â€Å"Faerie Queen Book II† shows us. As earlier contended the morality in this book is presented through the decisions made by the characters in such book. Here we can clearly see the casual surrender of one’s fate. A decision to surrender one’s fate represents the kind of morality this book wants to come across. Morality is represented through this decision making in which one surrenders to death. This representation of morality may not be acceptable to us since surrendering to death has never been moral. Still, the book tries to justify the same through showing us the difficult circumstances such character is in. The concept of virtue in this book is surrendered to the heavens. Morality in this book was not clearly defined or presented. It does not provide whether one act prove to be moral or not. It allows the decision of morality be adjudged by its readers. Throughout the book which follows the quest of Guyon and other characters like Arthur. The representation of morality is made through their acts, decisions and emotions on the events that transpire in their journey. Morality here is presented through stimulating the audience or readers leaving them to decide whether one act was moral or not. In Cold Blood â€Å"In Cold Blood† is a story of murder committed by Dick and Perry and their eventual attempt to escape justice through leaving. The morality presented in this literary work is one of more serious tone. The morality, as presented in this book is the sanctity of human life and the consequences one must take when they decide to take away life or in more common terms: commit murder. Murder for a long time is a concept that can easily be considered as an immoral act and it is indeed an immoral act. Unlike â€Å"Faerie Queen Book II† In cold blood is more factual in tone. The manner of its presentation is through a series of events that transpired. It is the more common contemporary type of story telling. The presentation of morality has been embedded in the way the story was told. Unlike the â€Å"Faerie Queen Book II† what is moral and what is not moral is more clearly depicted in this story. If in the â€Å"Faerie Queen Book II† morality was vague and one left to be adjudged by the readers. The contrary applies to the literary work â€Å"In Cold Blood†. The latter book specifically provides that a murder was committed and that it was immoral, it was wrong and it was a crime punishable by law. Clear indications were made as to the presentation of morality. This can be clearly seen through the statements made in the book: Feeling wouldnt run half so high if this had happened to anyone except the Clutters. Anyone less admired. Prosperous. Secure. But that family represented everything people hereabouts really value and respect, and that such a thing could happen to them well, its like being told there is no God. It makes life seem pointless. I dont think people are so much frightened as they are deeply depressed.† (In Cold Blood, Truman Capote) As clearly gleaned from the words of the book cited above a more definite and specific feeling of morality is expressed in this book. The representation of morality is much more obvious and emphasized that that of the â€Å"Faerie Queen Book II†. The morality in taking away life was not only for the murder. There was also an instance where the morality of taking the life of the murderers was mentioned: â€Å"Dewey had watched them die, for he had been among the twenty-odd witnesses invited to the ceremony. He had never attended an execution, and when on the midnight past he entered the cold warehouse, the scenery had surprised him: he had anticipated a setting of suitable dignity, not this bleakly lighted cavern cluttered with lumber and other debris. But the gallows itself, with its two pale nooses attached to a crossbeam, was imposing enough; and so, in an unexpected style, was the hangman, who cast a long shadow from his perch on the platform at the top of the wooden instruments thirteen steps.† (In Cold Blood, Truman Capote) Though the morality of taking the lives of the murderers was evident not even a place of suitable dignity was presented. Clearly defining what is moral and what is not. Conclusion In conclusion, in any literary work a sense of representation of morality is and will always be deemed written. The representation of morality may differ through it object and representation. Still as long as human acts are involved, as long as we deal with the event of one person’s life, morality will always be an object of any literary work. To date presentation of morality is relative for every literary work. Still, though seemingly impossible. A day may come when the relativity of the presentation of morality will be erased and a basic standard of morality just for everyone can be shared by all. Works Cited Spenser’s Faerie Queene Book II, Edited by Thomas J, Wise, Pictured by Walter Crane In Cold Blood, Truman Capote

The Apology Essay -- Greek, Socrates, Plato

In this paper I will be discussing the four charges brought against Socrates in Plato’s essay The Apology# and why exactly each of these charges is completely fictitious. The four charges brought against Socrates were that he argued the physical over the metaphysical, he argued the weaker claim over the stronger claim, he went against the gods, and he was corrupting the youth (Singer, lecture, 9-15-11). Each of these four charges is false for varying reasons and I will be addressing each explanation on why each charge is a complete sham, after discussing each charge. The first charge made against Socrates was that he argued the physical over the metaphysical (Singer, lecture, 9-15-11). This charge says that he believed in reason and science over the teachings of the gods. This alleged crime helped form the basis for the hatred and distrust the Athenians felt toward Socrates (Plato, p. 51). Socrates’ accusers claimed, â€Å"Socrates is an evil-doer and a curious person, who searches into things under the earth and in the heavens† (Plato, p. 51). This claim is completely false for multiple reasons. Primarily, Socrates simply did not argue the physical over the metaphysical; he just wanted to find true knowledge. He did not have any interest in this argument at all (Singer, lecture, 9-15-11). In Socrates opening statement to the court, Socrates identified the first charge to be false by directly confronting the philosophers who actually did this style of teaching. He stated,† I will ask you then to assume with me that my opponents are of two kinds: one more recent, the other from the past. I will answer the latter first, for these accusations you heard long before the others† (Plato, p. 51). In this statement Socrates was referr... ...s statement by Melatus illustrates that Melatus doesn’t have any knowledge on how to help the youth and that his main intention is to get Socrates sentenced to death (Plato, p. 54). In this paper I talked about Plato’s essay The Apology, in which Socrates was accused of committing four crimes against the people of Athens. These four charges were that he argued the physical over the metaphysical, he argued the weaker claim over the stronger claim, he went against the gods, and he corrupted the youth (Singer, lecture, 9-15-11). Each of these claims was completely erroneous for their own reasons, however the court sentenced him to death anyways (Plato, p. 61). The fact that he was executed despite being falsely accused and the fact that he accepted death instead of abandoning his beliefs helped make him the philosopher that is loved and revered still to this day.

The Use of Physical Space in Architecture

Physical infinite The term environment is burdensome to cover with when trying to definite it briefly. However as Caldwell ( 1980 ) assert â€Å"everyone understands the term but cipher is able to specify it† . One needs to be sedulous, both in identify and curtailing it range because it circumscribe anything from the biosphere to the smallest animal ( Ladan, 2009 ) . The environment on an international graduated table is given by the wide scopes of issue being addressed globally. It includes sustainable usage of natural resources, biodiversity, and outstanding natural heritage, protection of the ozone bed, atmosphere, clime, and quality of life, safeguarding of human wellness and therefore doing environmental construction and infinites handiness to all. With a broader position, the environment encompasses the physical, economic, cultural, aesthetic and societal infinites. For this thesis work, accent shall be on the physical infinite, which is an built-in portion of the environment. The physic al infinite here refers to the built environment. The position of designers and metropolis interior decorators are such that the physical environment, to a big extent is referred to as the reinforced environment. Ahianaba, Dimuna and Okungun ( 2008 ) stated that, construct environment is the edifices and infinites between them. There is a relationship and interaction between the edifices and the infinites. The reinforced environment in many developing states is going increasingly worse. Peculiarly Nigeria built environment is in a province of desperation. Harmonizing to World Bank ( 2005 ) , a batch of factors are therefore accountable to the deteriorating position of Nigerian built environment. Unplanned metropolis design attacks, rural-urban migration, rapid urbanisation, regular economic downswings, neglect of urban housework, rot of urban substructures, to call but a few of them. Another important discouraging factor of the Nigerian urban built environment is non-compliance with constructing bye-laws and ordinances. This inatten tiveness consequences continually brings traffic hurt, dehumanisation and overturns the civic pride ( Ahianaba et al. , 2008 ) . Ahianaba et al. , ( 2008 ) further argues that in the formation of any environment, the physical environment is considered as the most of import built-in. The physical environment helps organisms, persons and at big, the public a direct contact and interaction. This interaction and relationship are largely obvious and existent. The relationship between human wellness and the physical infinite can’t be over-emphasised. An improved lodging system with handiness for all characteristics, good sanitation, recreational installations, and environmental hygiene could put a gait for an enabling built environment. The issues of overcrowding, slums development and homesteader colony, all have negative influences on our built environment. One of the focal point of this research work is to grok how a individual quandary i.e. an architectural design in the reinforced environment is keeping the people from really personal to economic domain of life. In an effort to unknot this individual design hindrance, we need to holistically look at the Nigeria built environment. It is non a far fetch truth that developed states are seeking and recommending remodelling of old edifices and increasing handiness characteristics in new edifices to carter for the turning handicapped and elderly public. ( ADA 2010 ; Equality Act 2010 ; ILO 2002 ; UNCRPD 2006 ) . In Nigeria context as enunciated by Ahianba ( 2008 ) , Nigeria built environment is fast decaying. A putrefy built environment can therefore non concentrate on handiness characteristic, her precedence will be how to acquire out the present province of desperation. The Nigeria built environment, deteriorating as a consequence of rural built environment missing proviso of basic comfortss. Where this comfortss are provided, they are unequal and do non work efficaciously due to laxness of relevant Nigeria governments. This has led to high rate of rural-urban migration. The urban infinite, hence has to postulate with overcrowding, substandard lodging system. As a consequence of this migration displacement from rural infinite to urban infinite, force per unit areas are on designers and metropolis interior decorators to carter for the pullulating migrating public. Nigeria characterised of an unplanned physical infinite, has two issues to face with. Suiting the new urban inhabitant and how efficaciously they will take part in the degenerating â€Å"unplanned† urban infinite. Ahianba et al. , ( 2008 ) , posit that â€Å"to better our built environment, there should be proviso of basic infrastructural comfortss, standard lodging, decrease of ove rcrowding, good sanitation and conformity with edifice bye-laws and regulation† Nigeria urban infinite is overcrowded as a consequence of addition in her population and deficient lodging. Lagos, Ibadan, kano, Enugu, Benin metropolis etc. , are Nigeria high denseness urban metropoliss. The ratio of tenancy per room in urban infinites is every bit high as 1:6 or 1:10 ( Federal Offices of Statics, 2001 ) . Overcrowding of Nigeria public infinite causes environmental pollution, deteriorate professional and societal services, destroys the beaches, recreational installations and Parkss, etc. ( Dubos, 1967 ) . The overcrowding issues of our urban infinite restraint the authorities into looking at the how the public infinites could be accessible and functional for her senior citizen as they age. Government range is being limited to how to decide the overcrowding. Disability and handiness as a societal issue ( Gleeson 1993 ; Oliver 1996 ) is a job that has a societal and wellness effects ( Asbell 1975 ; Chombant 1979 ) .The United Nation ( 1975 ) believes that African li ves in brooding and interact in a public infinite that is parlous and a cause of human indignity. This is largely reflected in Nigeria lodging system, which sometimes lacks conventional and natural airing, illuming and sunlight shading devices, buffers to cut down noise pollution and walkers for walk-way way of her people. These issues can’t be over-emphasised, they are indispensable aspect of comfy life. The urban infinites are non planned, it is a merchandise of â€Å"grown† development. It sprang and developed from small towns and trade station. However, they still retain their disused semi-permanent edifices. These are grounds for Nigeria edifices, jumping up randomly, roads are narrow, colony are homesteaders, addition rate of slum development, seamy environment, deficient traffic marks, etc. The hapless airing in Nigerian edifice designs causes her citizens to kip outside during dry season. Their house are either non good cross-ventilated or being block by another house or fencing. World Health Organisation nucleus map includes publicity of good lodging, enabling public infinites which must be environmentally hygienic ( WHO, 1946 ) . Borrowing from Osuide ( 2004 ) , one of the cardinal self-respect, physical and mental wellness, is holding a safe topographic point to brood. Odomudu ( 1987 ) and Sarinen ( 1966 ) argues that a good home and a functional public infinite esca late the well-being and aspiration of the people because the dwelling topographic point and public infinites are where domestic and personal map of each persons takes topographic points. The physical and mental wellness of a individual depends greatly on his or her environment. An person and his or her place are centerpiece of society ( Aihana et al. , 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Ahianba et al. , ( 2008 ) , to accomplish a functional and healthier built environment, on a Nigeria context, based on her present built environment quandary. Creation of aesthetics values, fancify the urban environment, good landscape gardening and ocular satisfying unfastened infinites should be integrated into the design strategy of designers and metropolis interior decorators. Advocating of an equal urban and rural colony, which should be conceptualised in an orderly manner manner of a good professionals be aftering. Government policies should be re-evaluated with a possibility for amendment and new Torahs or Acts of the Apostless emanating and rigorous conformity with bing edifice jurisprudence. Non-compliance with Nigeria constructing bye-laws and ordinances is one of the indispensable factor responsible for Nigeria disintegrating built environment ( Ahianba et al. , 2008 ) . In the sub subdivision of this chapter, it holistically looks at Nigeria constructing by e-laws and ordinances with the position that if the jurisprudence is being purely adhere to, possibly, it will further better the quality of Nigeria built environment and possibly, accessible to all her people. The town planning regulations and Torahs are being violated, which resulted to improper planning of the environment. In the creative activity of a reinforced environment, the issue of lodging is non an exceeding. Salama ( 2006 ) argues that lodging is the platform for the creative activity of life environment for adult male and his family.it cater for his psychological and societal development. The issue of handiness in a adult male ‘s house ca n't be overemphasized because lodging transcend the physical dimension of shelter proviso for adult male but it encompasses the general environment within the edifice, which avail societal services and infrastructural services for optimal satisfaction of the utilizing public. Housing as a entire environment in which adult male lives and turn, should hold handiness characteristic included at the abrasion of the architectural design and non improvised at building or usage phase. The handiness issue therefore correlative between the quality of life and the quality of the physical environment in which 1s lives. Housing signifiers in Nigeria have over the old ages wear a enormous alterations in content, signifier, construction and spacial planning as a consequence of architecture.in our delicate planet, alteration is the lone changeless thing. This changes harmonizing to sa'ad and ogunsusi ( 1996 ) have unerasable effects on the life styles of Nigerians and it therefore affects their orientation of the physical infinite. Housing as a contemplation of cultural, societal and economic values of any society as to be given proper consideration of planning and governmental policy should be geared toward achieving a humane and antiphonal environment. Housing which is a signifier of shelter and a larger portion of any states built environment, is one of the basic necessity of man’s being. Olotuah ( 1997a, 2002a ) argues that the insufficiency of lodging threatens the very footing of his beings. It enhances the public assistance, societal engagement and productiveness of adult male. The United Nation ( 1971 ) adopted that every citizens deserve an entree to adequate lodging without any hinderance whatsoever. The UN ( 1971 ) and by its indorsement in 1976 by 131 other states, was bore out of the fortunes of the demand to better the lodging criterion and insufficiency of the nation’s hapless bulk. Her cardinal purpose is the proviso of appropriate lodging within the economic range of the bulk of the public. Nigeria is a party to this pact but yet Nigeria authorities still finds it difficult to supply an enabling environment for lodging proviso, allow entirely an accessible lodging for her people. ( Olotuah, 2002a ) . The Nigerian authorities lodging programmes have non been able to fit the lifting public. It been left to the custodies of the private sectors. In Nigeria today, the private sector provide the majority of the lodging stock which do non hold handiness characteristic because their designs are non socially oriented but net income oriented ( Olotuah, 2009 ) . For this ground vast of the public will non look out for handiness characteristics in the edifice, instead will see how the lodging stock could be increased to run into the high demand. It is the sentiment of the research worker that every bit much as there is a diminution in the Nigeria lodging stock. Introduction of accessible characteristic in new designs and an effort to reconstruct bing constructions, will non incur an excess cost of building but it will assist advance the United Nations ( 1979 ) acceptance. Furthermore, doing the Nigeria built environment friendlier and less discriminatory to the people of different capablenes ss, which do hold their ain socio-economic values to the economic system of the state. The Nigerian designers have a great function to play in face-lifting of our reinforced environment. The quality of human home ground is a cardinal architectural issue in achieving a humane and antiphonal environment ( Olotuah, 2009 ) . The architectural design must be in such a manner that it improves the quality of the human environment through an orderly development of the human environment.

Uk Taxation System

1. 1 Introduction of the UK tax system There is a very long time before British tax becomes what it is now, which can be traced back to Ancient times when UK was a part of the Roman Empire. The uniform land tax in 1692 is the basis to the current British tax system; at that time, the land tax is a kind of direct tax and is the main source of government revenue. Before the end of 18th century in British, William Pitt announced income tax to cover the expenses on weapons in the preparation for the Napoleonic Wars. Initially, the tax rate was around 1/120 of the income above ? 60 and the rate increased to 1/10 of income above ? 200.In the 20th century, income tax is the main resource for UK government; in the mean time, indirect taxes also became more important through the century. In 1965, the corporation tax and the capital gains tax were introduced, and in 1984 the capital transfer tax was replaced by inheritance tax. Currently, the taxation system in the UK can be mainly categorized as personal tax, including income tax, inheritance tax and council tax, sales taxes and duties, including value added tax, excise duties, stamp duty and motoring taxation, business and personal taxes, including national insurance contributions and capital gains tax and business taxes.As a constitutional monarchy, the power of legislation is highly concentrated. All tax laws are from proposals from the Treasury Department and after approved by parliament and the royal, these proposals can come into effect and become laws. In the UK, nearly 90% of tax income is collected by central government. The HM Revenue & Customs takes charges of tax administration related affairs, including value added tax, sales revenue and tariff. 1. 2 Discussion of the UK taxation bases In computing the tax, we have to consider two parts: tax base and tax rate.Tax base is the economic basis of a certain tax and it is the base amount to compute the tax liabilities. Tax base is different from tax object, for e xample, the total income is the object of income tax, while only the taxable income can be regarded tax base. On the whole, tax base has two categories: economical tax base and non-economical tax base. Economical tax base means the objects of tax that are related to economical actions, such as revenue, capital and sales; non-economical tax base has nothing to do with people’s economical actions, such as the poll tax that is taxed on every individual person without their actions.In the UK, there are three kinds of tax bases: income base, capital base and consumption base. The income base is mainly used in individual income tax and corporate income tax. In most countries, revenue from income tax is the main source of government, so income tax base certainly has many advantages. Firstly, income tax base is much larger than other tax bases, because people with income above taxable allowance are the subjects to income tax. Furthermore, for most people, tax based on income is easy to calculate and manage for governmental officers. On the other hand, income tax base also has several disadvantages.Firstly, income tax base is only available for cash income; for income as goods, income tax base would not work. Obviously, it is unfair to not tax on goods income. Secondly, income has many sources; some are easy to track, such as wages and bonus, while some are not easy to detect, such as illegal sales commissions. At last, different people have different ability to pay the tax and income is not a good indictor to measure their tax abilities. So it is very hard to make a rule or rate to keep fair among every taxpayer. Capital can be used to make income and can reflect individuals’ paying ability, so it seems to be a good base for tax.However, the amount of capital would not generate the same amount of income, so it is not very accurate to use capital as a tax base. Furthermore, there are many kinds of capitals, which are hard to calculate and manage, and taxp ayers’ economic conditions are not the same, for example a house with mortgages and without mortgage should not be regarded same, so capital tax base also has some drawbacks. At last, consumption is also a measurement of ability to pay tax; more consumption means more ability to pay tax and less consumption means less ability to pay tax.According to Nicholas Kaldor’s theory, revenue should be the base of tax, not income. But here comes a confusing question: what if a person saves most of his/her income in the bank, rather than for consumption? Moreover, revenue tax base would affect the money supply on the capital market, because most people would tend to shorten their consumption and save money in banks. In a nut shell, all of these three tax bases have advantages and disadvantages, and there is no perfect tax base that can very fairly measure all taxpayers’ ability. So when considering the tax system, we should keep a balance between these three tax bases. . 3 Evaluation of a good taxation system What are the qualities of a good taxation system? Of course, nobody likes paying tax; however, tax is the main source for government revenue, which is used for providing public services. So we can also say taxpayers pay for the services they received, such as high ways and public schools. A good tax system should be both simple and equitable and simple. Equity has two directions: one is horizontal and the other is vertical. Horizontal equity means taxpayers with similar income should the same level of tax; vertical equity means taxpayers with higher income should pay a high level tax.Even though companies have to pay corporate tax, all taxes are ultimately paid by individual taxpayers. So it is extremely important to keep tax system to be equitable. Besides, simple is also an important quality to a good tax system. The rules and laws should be easy to understand; the tax liability should be easy to calculate and the tax system should be easy to administer. If the cost to administer the tax is more than tax revenue received, this kind of tax system is inefficient to both taxpayers and government.Complicated tax laws are costly to both taxpayers and the government; such laws are hard to administer and inefficient to collect. In addition, a good tax system should also be certainty, which means that the tax policy should keep being stable year to year, because this can make taxpayers to know the difficulty to evade tax payable and make a reasonable tax plan on the long run. On the whole, equity and efficient principles are two main principles to measure a tax system. A pie cannot be made both bigger and divided fairly. The same situation happens here.We cannot expect a tax system to be both equity and efficient, for example, when cut down the marginal income tax rate for those high income taxpayers, their productivity would increase accordingly, while the tax equity would decrease. However, there is always a comparably good po int between them, which we often call tradeoff. 1. 4 Evaluation of the UK taxation system In the UK tax system, income tax, national insurance, value added tax and corporation tax are the four main source of governmental revenue; the percentages are respectively 29%, 19%, 15% and 9%. On the whole, the UK tax system is quite stable.According to Huijun Yang (2012), from mid 90s 20th century, the ratio of total tax on GDP is between 36% and 39%, so it would be easy for taxpayers to make a tax plan. In addition, the UK tax system is quite equity for its income tax rate ranges from 10% to 50% and low income taxpayers can deduct allowances too. In 2012, the income tax personal allowance increases from 7,475 to 9,000 and the highest income tax rate decreases from 50% to 45%. This new rule will benefit 23,000,000 basic income tax rate taxpayers. The UK tax system also operates efficiently and the cost to administer tax is comparatively low.So overall, the UK tax system is well designed and works both efficiently and equity. However, there are still some drawbacks of the UK tax system. Firstly, the highest tax rate will be 45% in 2013, so the income gap between the rich and the poor will get bigger and bigger. Secondly, the tax takes less than 40% of the GDP, while, on average, government expenditure is 45% of the GDP, which means that the government need to increase their deficit to keep going on. Too much deficit will increase the governments’ financial pressure, because the borrowing must be paid by future years’ tax revenue.If the deficit always keeps on a high level, the governments’ authority among public would be weaken, and government function cannot be operated well. Thirdly, individual tax is prepared and paid by individuals; these tax preparation costs, including service fee of accountants and time cost, are also hidden costs for taxpayers. At last, the British government provides comprehensive social welfare to all citizens; among them, most taxpayers pay for the services, but some lower income taxpayers or unemployed people enjoy the services free of charge.So it is those high income taxpayers pay money for the low income taxpayers, and this would decrease those high income taxpayers’ work efficiency because some of their work are not rewarded. According to Holdford and Lovelace-Elmore (2001, p. 8), Vroom asserts, â€Å"Intensity of work effort depends on the perception that an individual’s effort will result in a desired outcome†. 1. 5 suggestions for the UK taxation system The following suggestions may be work to solve those drawbacks: * Creating more jobs for the poor and unemployed people * Increasing the highest rate of income tax Optimize the tax structure * Simplifying complex tax law clause * Decreasing the corporate tax rate for starting companies 2. 1 proposals for the UK taxation system In the UK, the main taxes are: income tax, inheritance tax, council tax, value added tax, motori ng taxation, corporate tax and capital gain tax. Even though all taxes have different tax bases, the ultimate taxpayers are every individual. As we know, a pie cannot both be big and evenly sliced. So for the UK government, it should find out a good point that can make the tax system be both efficient and equity.According to the 2012 Budget statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Rt Hon George Osborne MP (2012), the main target for the UK government is to keep the economy in a stable increase trend. As mentioned in Osborne’s report, the UK’s economy is in a depressed time and the government has to both cut down expenditures and expand tax revenue. Therefore, we proposed three proposals on the tax system to improve the development of economy. Firstly, divide more the income tax rate levels between the higher rate and additional rate.According to the current UK income tax system, taxpayers with band between ? 34,371 and ? 150,000 are applicable to the higher ra te that is 40%, and taxpayers with band over ? 150,000 are applicable to 50% additional income tax rate. Apparently, the range from ? 34,371 and ? 150,000 are too wide that some mid-class families have to pay too much income tax for the high marginal tax rate. Taxpayers with income of ? 34,371 and ? 150,000 are totally different in tax payment ability, so it is not fair to let all of them pay tax on the same rate. From my point of view, taxpayers with band between ? 4,371 and ? 70,000 are applicable to tax rate of 25% because most mid-class taxpayers’ incomes are in this range and by doing so, there financial pressure will be reduced a lot; taxpayers with income ranges from ? 70,000 to ? 100,000 are subjects to 35% income tax rate and taxpayers with band from ? 100,000 to ? 150,000 pay income tax on 45% income tax rate. This proposal will greatly reduce the most mid-class taxpayers’ financial pressure and as the marginal tax rate increases for high income taxpayers, th e total tax revenue for government will not decrease.Secondly, impose property tax on people who own luxury houses or own more than three houses. In many countries, the property tax is imposed on individual house owners because real perporty is a remark of wealth. The property tax can help to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. Moreover, as the tax is imposed on multiple house holders, the economic bubble in real estate investment or speculation will be greatly eliminated. Currently, the property tax is imposed on gains from capital, such as house rental not on capital itself. Even though taxpayers pay tax on their capital gain, the income gap still increases.At last, decrease the rate of stamp duty for bond or stock transactions. Currently, the stamp duty rate is 0. 5%. As mentioned in the UK’s budget statement, the main target in 2012 is to keep the economy to be stable not do slow down. The decrease of stamp duty is really a good method to stimulate the economy d evelopment. On the one hand, the decrease of stamp duty is a good remark for the stock market, which would encourage more stock transactions. On the other hand, even though the rate of stamp duty decreases, as more transactions there will be, the total revenue from stamp duty will still increase.As we know, UK is the center of worldwide stock market center. Stock market is the main capital source for public companies, so the boom of capital market will greatly promote the development of entity economy. In conclusion, the UK’s tax system is well organized and designed except for some drawbacks. I believe my proposals can effectively improve both equity and efficiency of the UK tax system and stimulate the economy development. Reference list Budget statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Rt Hon George Osborne MP, 2010. HM TREASURY. online] Available at: < http://www. hm-treasury. gov. uk/junebudget_speech. htm> Finance Act 1965 (c. 25), from UK Statute Law Databaseâ⠂¬ . UK Statutory Publications Office,  Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 2007-05-09. â€Å"HM Revenue and Customs receipts†. hmrc. gov. uk. Retrieved 2011-11-11. Kay, Richard. â€Å"Palace fear over Queen's tax bill†. Daily Mail  (London). Peter Victor (30 July 1995). â€Å"A brief history of VAT†. The Independent(London). Retrieved 13 January 2011. Principles of a good tax system,2010, tutor2u, [online] Available at:

lasers essays

lasers essays Laser stands for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers work by producing an intense beam of bright light that travels in one direction. The laser has the unique ability to produce one specific color or wavelength of light, which can be varied in its intensity and pulse duration. The newest laser systems have become remarkably precise and selective, allowing treatment results and safety levels not previously available. All lasers contain an energized substance that can increase the intensity of light that passes through it. This substance is called the amplifying medium and it can be a solid, a liquid or a gas. Einstein can be considered as the father of the laser. 80 years ago he postulated photons and stimulated emission and won the Nobel Prize for related research on the photoelectric effect. This section discusses the historical evolution from microwave lasers to optical lasers and finally to x-ray lasers and lasers discovered in space. Some theorists were on the right track, especially Planck, who proposed that nature acted by using "quanta" of energy. But it was the young, unknown Albert Einstein who explained everything and started the field of quantum mechanics with his paper on the photoelectric effect. Einstein showed that light does not consist of continuous waves, nor of small, hard particles. Instead, it exists as bundles of wave energy called photons. Each photon has an energy that corresponds to the frequency of the waves in the bundle. The higher the frequency (the bluer the color), the greater the energy carried by that bundle. Einstein's Nobel Prize was not awarded for either one of his relativity theories - the Nobel Committee thought them too speculative at the time. Rather Einstein won the prize for explaining the photoelectric effect. Two of Einstein's 1905 papers were on the theory of atoms and molecules, yet there were still many scientists in 1905 who did not believe in atoms ...

Finance coventry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance coventry - Essay Example The balance scorecard and the strategy map formulated can serve as an effective tool for the company to predict its effective future plan. This study contains suitable recommendations based on the key parameters used for the purpose of analysis which can serve as benchmark for the company to improve its financial and non-financial performances. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 1. Introduction 4 2. Vision and Strategy 4 3. Balanced Scorecard for Marks and Spencer PLC 5 3.1. Financial perspective 6 3.2. Customer perspective 6 3.3. Internal business perspective 7 3.4. Learning and innovation perspective 8 4. Strategy Map 8 5. Recommendations 9 6. Critical Discussion and Evaluation 10 Reference List 10 Appendices 12 1. Introduction Marks and Spencer (M&S) Group PLC is an international retailer headquartered in London, England, United Kingdom. It is listed as a holding company of the Marks and Spencer Group of companies. Its varied line of products includes clothing (both Men’ s wear and Women’s wear), home ware as well as food. Its clothing division alone includes 731 shops across the United Kingdom. Its presence is not only limited to the domestic circuit. The company enjoys an unprecedented level of presence around the globe having 387 stores in 43 territories across Europe, the Middle East and Asia (Reuters, 2013). This report will primarily involve the analysis of the food retail section of Marks and Spencer thereby identifying its vision and strategy. Henceforth, a balanced scorecard and a strategy map will be designed in order to align business activities of the company to its identified vision and strategy as well as to explain each parameter used for the analysis and their significance towards the company’s goals and targets. 2. Vision and Strategy Marks and Spencer’s vision is to set a benchmark on the basis of which everything else is evaluated. In order to stay true to the vision, they have laid down subsequent strategies which when followed will help the company to grow from strength to strength. Their primary aim is to become truly international, multichannel retailer whereby they can make their long range of products and services easily accessible to people all around the globe. Apart from providing quality products, they also aim to deliver exceptional value as well as high quality services to their customers. Their penchant to stay at the forefront of innovations in both general merchandising and food section is a significant factor giving them the recognition of a truly world class company. As far as Marks and Spencer’s strategies to improve its food retail section are concerned, they have been moderately successful in 2011 as well as in 2012 with their sales increasing by 4.1% in 2011 from what it was in 2010 (Marks and Spencer, 2011). This growth in sales owed to the fact that customers expected the company to come up with innovative products and this expectation in return resulted in an appreciation in the number of customers of M&S. Their strategy is to grow their food business by focusing primarily on their core strengths which are convenience, freshness and speciality. Convenience of shopping is another area that the company is currently working on for improving the way customers find and choose things in the store. This aim led them to come up with the clearer signage scheme. M&S also want their stores to be easily accessible

Social, Economic, And Political Changes Caused By Globalization Essay

Social, Economic, And Political Changes Caused By Globalization - Essay Example Global wealth is currently shifting from less heavily populated American and European regions to the more heavily populated Asian region because of globalization. According to Lieber and Weisberg (2002, p.274), globalization helps people all over the world in the creation of a stronger and stable world. Supporters of globalization believe that globalization benefits the world through the promotion of such ideas like human rights, democracy, and freedom and that it enhances the success of the world through free trade, free investment, and better technology. According to Dharam Ghai (2003), free market and private enterprise are extremely important in determining the success of globalization. Cross-cultural businesses have been increased a lot as a result of globalization. Imports and exports between different countries were also increased because of the liberalized rules affected in many countries as part of globalization. Despite all these arguments in favor of globalization, some pe ople believe that globalization is nothing but imperialism. It should be noted that imperialism is the process of taking over of a weaker nation by a stronger nation (What is imperialism, n.d.). Critics of globalization believe that capitalist countries like America and UK are trying to loot the wealth of developing and underdeveloped countries in the name of globalization. Globalization is labeled as Americanization by the opponents. They pointed out that instead of globalization, glocalization is necessary for a country to progress properly. It should be noted that glocalization is the process of integrating local markets into world capitalism. It refers to a concept in which individual, group, organization, product or service upholds the local standards even while operating internationally.

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Interview - Essay Example I then vowed to enter the industry through cartoonist as that was the best starting point. I can categorically state that my work is quite impressive having undergone serious positive changes. I appreciated the need to listen to criticism from friends, fans and family and work towards filling such gaps. Besides I familiarized myself with the industry and software based on self-study so as to gain skills required to become a successful artist by incorporating comments arising from every stakeholder . My art has been so impactful and inspirational based on the ideas and thoughts I raise. I have become known by the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC). Besides, I am always being invited by companies and Institutes to assist in project developments based on the uniqueness in how I organize my thoughts and ideas that have impacted making people to like my art. My styles are being imitated by various Companies within the industry based on negotiations and agreements. I am so delighted with my progress and subsequently I have been furthering my study in the past one year which has seen me take a break in the media industry so as to come back very vocal. I am inspired by the phrase, â€Å"It is never too late† that was clearly evident in WisdomSeven. This motivates me to see everything as possible and still have to dig deep through studies to attain necessary knowledge and skills required in the industry so as to be successful. Besides, studying makes one explore new things and expansion of mind. This further inspires me but my work will always circumvent around

Religion and Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion and Philosophy - Essay Example ThÐ µ yin yÐ °ng sign illustrÐ °tÐ µs thÐ °t Ð µvÐ µn whÐ µrÐ µ you'vÐ µ got two oppositÐ µs, thÐ µy complimÐ µnt Ð µÃ °ch othÐ µr. ThÐ µ blÐ °ck Ð °nd whitÐ µ of thÐ µ two sidÐ µs of thÐ µ sign Ð °rÐ µ oppositÐ µs, but within thÐ µ blÐ °ck thÐ µrÐ µ is Ð ° littlÐ µ bit of whitÐ µ Ð °nd within thÐ µ whitÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is Ð ° littlÐ µ bit of blÐ °ck. ThÐ µrÐ µ's Ð ° pÐ µrfÐ µct bÐ °lÐ °ncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ two. OftÐ µn thÐ µ yin yÐ °ng sign is usÐ µd to symbolizÐ µ mÐ °lÐ µ Ð °nd fÐ µmÐ °lÐ µ forcÐ µs. FÐ µmÐ °lÐ µ usuÐ °lly is Ð °ssociÐ °tÐ µd with thÐ µ dÐ °rk Ð °nd thÐ µ mÐ °lÐ µ is Ð °ssociÐ °tÐ µd with whitÐ µ Ð °nd thÐ µ light. In somÐ µthing thÐ °t might sÐ µÃ µm complÐ µtÐ µly mÐ °sculinÐ µ, not just in pÐ µoplÐ µ or Ð °nimÐ °ls, but Ð µvÐ µn in vÐ °rious mÐ °nifÐ µstÐ °tions of nÐ °turÐ µ or sociÐ µty or whÐ °tÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µrÐ µ is Ð ° littlÐ µ touch of thÐ µ fÐ µmininÐ µ. Within somÐ µthing thÐ °t might sÐ µÃ µm to bÐ µ complÐ µtÐ µly fÐ µmininÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ is Ð ° littlÐ µ touch of thÐ µ mÐ °sculinÐ µ. ThÐ µrÐ µ is Ð °lwÐ °ys Ð ° littlÐ µ bit of thÐ µ oppositÐ µ within whÐ °tÐ µvÐ µr it is you'rÐ µ tÐ °lking Ð °bout, Ð µvÐ µn if things sÐ µÃ µm to bÐ µ totÐ °lly oppositÐ µ.

Reflection on a business education course

Reflection on a business education course Reflection according to Walker E. S (2006) p 216 has been defined as a process regarding thinking about and exploring an issue of concern, which is triggered by an experience. This simply means that for there to be a reflection, there has to be an experience, irrespective of it being positive or negative. Leaver- Dunn et al were also noted in Walker E. S (2006) p 216 that reflection has the ability to distinguish between the expert practitioners and their peers. To start with and looking way back to the beginning of this particular course it is interesting to note that being an international student from Nigeria and studying Marketing Communications in the University of Bedfordshire was an experience never to be forgotten, i have been through various forms of transformation, since the session started in September 21st,2009. Transformation theory, that was initially developed by Jack Mezirow, identifies a process of change that begins with an experience one cannot incorporate into the mental matrix built from prior life experience, and which usually includes the following components: a disorientating dilemma, self examination, a critical assessment of assumptions, the recognition that others have gone through similar processes, the exploration of options for forming new roles, relationships or actions, the formulation of a plan of action and reintegration into the experience with new, transformed perspectives. Fuguan Tan (2009) Talking about transformation, i personally come from a country that the educational system is totally different from that of Europe, particularly the United Kingdom. I was able to come to terms with the fact that there existed a school calendar that will be strictly followed and i saw myself in an organised setting. At first i had problems coming to terms with being the only Nigerian girl in my class until later when i was joined by another fellow from my home country, this gave me a bit of confidence as to facing the challenging course. In the words of Aileen C. and Elaine E, (2004) they wrote that thoroughly reflecting on practice is actually a central feature of effective learning, they went on to define reflection as focusing on the immediate, thereby presenting the details of a problem or task. As an individual i agree with the need to reflect or rather focus on the immediate, this will definitely help to make corrections for the future and not make the same mistakes already made if at all there was any. Further in the words of Horton-Deutsch. S and Sherwood Gwen (2008, p 947) reflection involves thinking about experience, which leads learners to a fuller understanding of what they know and increases their potential for leadership. Also true in my perspective is the argument of Horton-Deutsch, who wrote that it is important to reflect or think back on the experience, which will in turn improve the individuals knowledge about a particular situation or increase the potential for greater heights. In most cases it is believed that the experience for studying abroad has great potential for transforming international student. I must say i went through some stages of transformation such as encountering change, engaging in reflection, reconfiguring perceptions and re-acclimating to the situation. Fuguan Tan (2009) Worthy of note is the point that throughout my study in my home country , there has never been an opportunity for me to reflect, this made it rather impossible for me to have a re-think on my mistakes, and there was also no opportunity to make corrections. 5.2 WHAT DOES REFLECTION MEAN? Cunliffe, (2004, p. 414) defines reflection as the means or process through which an experience in the form of thought, feeling, or action, is examined to analyze its meaning while it is happening or subsequently. Kember et al., (2000), wrote that reflection does represent a point on a learning continuum which is then characterised by habit at one end and critical reflection at the other. To Schon (1983) reflection is referred to as the ability to rethink ones prior thoughts and action in context, both to surface assumptions as well as to make meaning. Reflection, as written in Klenowski V and Lunt I (2008) is mostly defining with regards to conceptual components and theoretical perspectives. Horton-Deutsch S and Sherwood Gwen (2008) explained that Reflection is about learning from experience, a critical aspect of knowledge development and a skill essential to leadership development. They both went on to argue on the basis that reflection goes far beyond ordinary empirical knowing, but it also combines personal and ethical ways of knowing. Korthagen F and Vasalos A (2005) wrote that the essential importance of reflection is to learn from experiences. Woerkom M (2010) referred to reflection in Deweyans perspective as instrumental learning; he went further to note that it is the assessment of assumptions implicit in beliefs about how to solve problems. In this particular definition, reflection thus also includes an element of criticism but refers more to instrumental thinking, which is concerned with how to solve a problem. In contrast, Mezirow defines critical reflection as addressing the question of the justification for the very premises on which problems are posed or defined in the first place and examination of their sources and consequences. Critical reflection cannot become an integral element in the immediate action process but requires a hiatus in which to reassess ones meaning perspectives and, if necessary, to transform them. Critical self-reflection refers to the most important learning experience. It means reassessing the way we have posed problems, our own meaning perspectives, as well as reassessing our own orientation to perceiving, knowing, believing, feeling, and acting. Some of the scholars perceived reflection, as critical reflection or critical thinking. It is therefore often not clear what the difference is, or even if there exist a difference, between these terms. Dewey, who is perceived as the founder of the concept of reflection, sometimes uses the terms reflective thinking and critical thinking interchangeably. Scott. G.S (2010) 5.3 RECOLLECTIONAND PROCESS OF REFLECTION OF REFLECTION The theoretical framework for reflection according to Korthagen F and Vasalos A (2005, p48) is referred to as ALACT model. This model is said to rely on the assumption that by nature people reflect on their experiences. The model also describes a structured reflective process, but on the other hand, the model did not take note about the content of reflection. On the other hand Scott. G S (2010) p 434 argued that the benefit of reflection has got extensive theoretical support in literature, though Scotts definition of reflection is not without its own argument. He went on to write that the critical theorists reflection is considered to require the surfacing of assumptions relative to situations and surrounded firmly power relations, control and the transformation of belief and values. Reflection was interchangeably used by management theorists as personal, psychological change rather than social change Scott. G.S (2010) p 434 The role of student reflection is an integrated learning process, and reflection has three stages: a review of experience, analysis, and re-evaluation (Peltier, Drago, 2004; Peltier et al., 2005). The initial stage of this process is the review of experience and presupposes awareness. That is, it presupposes that the experience in question has been brought into consciousness. The term reflection is frequently used very loosely and this can easily obscure the disciplined and challenging nature of such learning. Reynolds (1999) distinguishes between critical reflection an approach in which both experience and its social and political contexts are examined, reflection which focuses on the individual and gives little attention to social or political processes, and critical thinking, a term which he argues is usually used to signify a disciplined approach to problem solving (Reynolds, 1999, p. 173). He went on to claim that in the management literature critical reflection is being used in the weaker sense to describe thoughtful analysis or problem solving (Reynolds, 1999, p. 177). With regard to reflection and learning, Argyris and Schon distinguish between single loop and double loop learning. For the exercise of single loop learning it is possible by observing and reflecting on our own actions, to make a description of the tacit knowing implicit in them (Schon, 1987, p. 25).This enables us to analyse and evaluate such knowledge. However, double loop learning involves not only reflecting on ones actions, but also exploring the assumptions and theories-in use which are embedded in those actions. Walsh (2009) 5.4 PERSONAL FEELINGS AND LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCE The discomfort that was felt at the beginning of the dissertation was overwhelming. It all started the first day that we were told to prepare for the first dissertation presentation, as i faced the fear i still was able to gather knowledge. I wondered in the beginning if i could cope with the work ahead of me, but with the encouragement of mentors i was able to face it and carry on. Reflective thinking is to be used to enhance decision skills, cultural sensitivity, and teamwork, not simply express feelings or record in a diary what occurred, McInnis-Bowers et al. (2010) In the words of Scott S G (2010) reflection, is referred to as the process of rethinking ones prior thoughts and actions in context to surface assumptions and make meaning. Reflection represents one point on a learning continuum that is characterized by habit at one pole and critical reflection at the other. During the course of my study particularly during the period i was writing up my dissertation, the experience i had has thought me to believe in myself and stop thinking i cannot do it. It has thought me to always face my tasks with whatever challenges that come with it. From this experience i have realised that there is no two ways about succeeding except through hard work and there is a saying that goes thus Proper, Preparation, Prevents, Poor, Performance 5Ps. The first feedback i had with my group members for the progress in the Trident campaign which marked the kick off for the final dissertation. It did not seem a good start to me, because my group had a lot of things to work on and it was obvious not every group member was willing to work. Although the feeling did not serve as a drawback it only meant i had to work harder. On that day we were advised on the three vital aspects of the dissertation which included the campaign plan and report, literature review and finally the reflection. Before we attended the second feedback, myself and the other three group members met on three occasions where we delegated work to each member on the task ahead, most of the time it was two of the four members that was active, and on several instances i personally encouraged them to put in more effort so we all can achieve success at the end of the piece of work. The second feedback which was on the tenth of March, was attended by two supervisors and again i was not happy with myself as no thorough research was done, my input was not good enough and when we were asked what our campaign strategy meant, none of my group members could respond, this became a bit depressing. Looking forward to a sixty unit module i felt really down, but then it became a challenge. The problem that was posed was the inability to put literature together to back our arguments up but at the latter stage things got better. Again in the beginning it looked like we had difficulty interpreting the brief, as we came up with several propositions, objectives and strategy which seemed not to make sense, for this reason the task became more competitive as the other two groups had the same topic and it seemed my group was not making a head way. 5.5 GROUP DYNAMICS AND LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCE Within my group i happened to be the only female amongst three guys and i thought this reason will make them more active than i am but the reverse was the case, this was the reason why in the beginning i had mixed feelings about working within a group, as it seemed everyone had a level of understanding and this means it takes a brilliant one to be able to achieve success. I had no choice at that point as we had a little group of twelve in the entire marketing communications, masters degree class, which made it really obvious to be able to distinguish between the brilliant and dull students. Several times i was not happy with the groups i fall into, but with determination to excel i usually face it, and i never regretted my decisions as i never failed a group work. According to Moon (2004, p. 136) when considering the university perspective on experiential learning and reflection, it becomes apparent, that the fact that all education comes about through experience does not mean that all experiences are genuinely or equally educative he also argued that a distinction needs to be made between what she terms informal reflection and academic reflection the latter being a formal process. Walsh (2009) At a point during the group meetings i became so unhappy and i told other group members i was no longer interested in the work though this was not a true statement from my heart, i was probably too upset, but with time i was able to calm myself down and cope even though things did not work out as planned On several occasions there existed misunderstanding and i personally found out that there was need for these misunderstanding as it helps in moving forward most of the time. Again many at times a member within the group was used to saying he works better under pressure and this did not go well with me as i do not work well under pressure, instead i do the opposite meaning i plan my time and i appreciate time management and not fire brigade approach in carrying out my task. Many times after a misunderstanding there exist dialogue and apologies will be made by the necessary group members and then the task continues, interestingly we tend to achieve more at this time. Another point worthy to note at this time is that working within a group gives a knowledge about the office environment, where one will be working with other members of staff and if a task is to be carried out, there will be no opportunity to choose who to and who not to work with. Each time i think of this i am encouraged to cope within any group i find myself and try to corporate and have a good team spirit. Reflection then, in the words of Scott G S (2010) p 432 is the process or means by which an experience, in the form of thought, feeling, or action, is examined to distil its meaning while it is happening or subsequently. Reflection is fodder for self-regulation in an environment where what we define as useful and effective behaviour changes continuously. With reference to the words of Scott (2010) i had different reactions to every situation that i was faced with, always thinking back that i had a degree in a different educational setting and now a masters in Europe. At that point it was obvious something was not right as the first and second feedback did not yield a positive result, but something i held on to was the words given by the supervisors, which i pondered on, i went on to sent my piece of work to the tutors over the internet, again little improvement was made, it all became worrying but i never give up. What happened next? I suggested we needed to meet a tutor and start afresh, interesting, we approached him and he was happy to lead us aright, every group member attended this meeting and things began to change. From the proposition, target audience, strategy and very many useful advices was given. Most importantly we were told to include some theories of learning and reflection to buttress some points, this period was a well cherished one as it marked the beginning of a turn around. My role within the group was a very vital one as the other members do contact me to know what the next step was, i was always be called upon to divide the task and explain what we did so far including the future plan. I enjoyed doing this as i have always seen myself as a charismatic leader, of course a leader by example. 5.6 LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE PROJECTS When one talks of success story, that does not literarily mean the results for the dissertation is out already but the fulfilment and the joy that comes to mind knowing basically that the group work and the individual part was done and submitted in due time is worthy of note. Soon after the summer holiday started two of the four group members did travel to their home country leaving just two people to deal with the work. Sincerely things went slow but at each time a meeting was arranged and there was progress at every meeting coupled with misunderstandings. On the eighth of June, we had a final group presentation with feedback, which marked the final day of the course, to our greatest surprise the proposition we have changed time and time again, target audience segmentation and the tag line began to communicate, it became obvious that the group was on track even though the actual presentation got lost in a missing flash drive. The group was advised to do more research and understand the target audience and what needs to be done to communicate the brand (Trident chewing gum) is the strategy and implementation. Throughout this same month and July communication continued online as it became a bit difficult to meet in the university since the library closed earlier than usual. Each part of the campaign was dealt with rigorously and the power point slides were put together then the report followed afterwards. Scott G. S (2010) p 433 was earlier quoted in the report where he noted that John Dewey is considered a key originator of thinking about reflection. Dewey argued in his own words that reflective individuals have certain characteristics, which includes open-mindedness, which illustrates the will power within an individual to accept intellectual responsibility for ones own views, wholeheartedness this simply means, a willingness to face fears and uncertainties, and finally enthusiasm. Reflection is concerned with practices and actions, especially professional practice in fields such as school teaching (Allen, 1992; Beyer, 1989; Collier, 1999), nursing (Burns Bulman, 2000), social work (Fook, 1996), and management communities of practice (Welsh Dehler, 2004). Reflection also generates inquiry and a search for meaning; it provides the potential to see things in a way they have not been understood before. More simply, reflective practice contributes to learning. What i have learnt that will be forever useful to me is the ability to dialogue, this a very important instrument particularly in a group work scenario. Again it is good to listen to the leader as two wrongs can never make a right, it is totally unfair when team members refuse to listen to the leader, and obviously things will not go well. I have also learnt that in the future i understand clearly the basis of my task before i kick off with work on it, as this delayed my group from moving forward during the presentation, as though we were moving around within the same circle, before we got our priorities right. The means of reflection is most often dialogue through which subjective and objective experience is processed, questioned, and meaning is made of it. Reflection through dialogue demonstrates students learning through their ability to conceptualize what they have learned, the meaning it has for their present and future, and the recognition that they are neither the same person as they were a few years previously nor should they expect to be a few years hence. Baker, Jensen, and Kolb (2002) labelled this approach to learning the inside-out approach. Scott G. S (2010) p 433 5.7 CONCLUSION In concluding this reflection report it is interesting to note that learning can be considered as a process of argumentation in which thinking, reflecting, experiencing and action are different aspects of the same process. It is also a practical argumentation with oneself and in collaboration with others that actually forms the basis of learning. (Pavlica et al. 1998: 145) in Corley A and Eades E (2004, P 138) During the review of literature it was noted according to Jeffrey D et al. (2000) that reflection is not an entirely new process and some writers trace it to the work of Socrates, they went on to describe reflection as a process of disengaging from or stepping back from an experience and taking time to deliberately and carefully review it, think about it and construct meaning from it, however reflection is said to have a past, present and future element. In this report the writer has been able to reflect generally about the past experience, looking through the beginning of the marketing communications masters degree first impression, through to the present time which has to do with the experience while writing up the dissertation, it is also interesting to note that the writer also discussed briefly of future expectations and learning from the past experience that can positively affect the future work. Having reflected on my experience from first day of university up until the days of my final dissertation, i will say i have actually enjoyed the entire process. Meeting friends from other parts of the world was a good thing to remember, with no exceptions of my tutors who were always there, and willing to help with whatever need we might have during the course of study. However i quit e agree with the idea of personal reflections as it gives the opportunity to think back and make amends as required. This in turn will have a positive effect on an individual. REFERENCES Miriam Catterall, Pauline Maclaran, and Lorna Stevens (2010) Critical Reflection in the Marketing Curriculum Journal of Marketing Education, Vol. 24 No. 3, December 2002 184-192 Scott. G Susanne (2010) Enhancing Reflection Skills through Learning Portfolios: An Empirical Test. Journal of Management Education 34(3) 430-457. The Author(s) , http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Fuguan Tan (2009) Tri-fold Transformation: An International Adult Students Reflections on Online Learning. Walker E. S (2006). Journal Writing as a Teaching Technique to Promote Reflection Journal of Athletic Training Vol. 41, No 2 p216-221 Klenowski Val and Lunt Ingrid (2008) Enhancing learning at doctoral level through the use of reflection. Taylor Francis Walsh Anita (2009) Modes of Reflection: Is it possible to use both individual and collective reflection to reconcile the three-party knowledge interests in workplace learning? European Journal of Education, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2009, Part I _1389 385 Aileen Corley and Elaine Eades (2004) Becoming critically reflective practitioners: academics and students reflections on the issues involved. Pp. 137-144. Human Resource Development International, Taylor and Francis Limited Horton-Deutsch Sarah and Sherwood Gwen (2008) Reflection: an educational strategy to develop emotionally- competent nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 16, 946-954 Doyle, Wendy; Young, Jeffrey D (2000).Managing Development: Making the most Experience and Reflection. Fall2000, Vol. 25 Issue 3, p18 Marianne van Woerkom, (2010) Advances in Developing Human Resouces. The Concept of Critical Reflection and Its Implications for Human Resource Development Advances in Developing Human Resources Vol. 6, No. 2 p 178-192